Buspar Information
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) Description
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) (buspirone hydrochloride tablets, USP) is an antianxiety agent that is not chemically or pharmacologically related to the benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or other sedative/anxiolytic drugs.
Buspirone hydrochloride is a white crystalline, water soluble compound with a molecular weight of 422.0. Chemically, buspirone hydrochloride is 8-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione monohydrochloride. The empirical formula CHNO • HCl is represented by the following structural formula:
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) is supplied as tablets for oral administration containing 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, or 30 mg of buspirone hydrochloride, USP (equivalent to 4.6 mg, 9.1 mg, 13.7 mg, and 27.4 mg of buspirone free base, respectively). The 5 mg and 10 mg tablets are scored so they can be bisected. Thus, the 5 mg tablet can also provide a 2.5 mg dose, and the 10 mg tablet can provide a 5 mg dose. The 15 mg and 30 mg tablets are provided in the DIVIDOSE tablet design. These tablets are scored so they can be either bisected or trisected. Thus, a single 15 mg tablet can provide the following doses: 15 mg (entire tablet), 10 mg (two thirds of a tablet), 7.5 mg (one half of a tablet), or 5 mg (one third of a tablet). A single 30 mg tablet can provide the following doses: 30 mg (entire tablet), 20 mg (two thirds of a tablet), 15 mg (one half of a tablet), or 10 mg (one third of a tablet). Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) Tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, lactose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium starch glycolate. The 30 mg tablet also contains iron oxide.
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) Clinical Pharmacology
The mechanism of action of buspirone is unknown. Buspirone differs from typical benzodiazepine anxiolytics in that it does not exert anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant effects. It also lacks the prominent sedative effect that is associated with more typical anxiolytics. preclinical studies have shown that buspirone has a high affinity for serotonin (5-HT) receptors. Buspirone has no significant affinity for benzodiazepine receptors and does not affect GABA binding or when tested in preclinical models.
Buspirone has moderate affinity for brain D-dopamine receptors. Some studies do suggest that buspirone may have indirect effects on other neurotransmitter systems.
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) is rapidly absorbed in man and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism. In a radiolabeled study, unchanged buspirone in the plasma accounted for only about 1% of the radioactivity in the plasma. Following oral administration, plasma concentrations of unchanged buspirone are very low and variable between subjects. Peak plasma levels of 1 ng/mL to 6 ng/mL have been observed 40 to 90 minutes after single oral doses of 20 mg. The single-dose bioavailability of unchanged buspirone when taken as a tablet is on the average about 90% of an equivalent dose of solution, but there is large variability.
The effects of food upon the bioavailability of Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) have been studied in eight subjects. They were given a 20 mg dose with and without food; the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and peak plasma concentration (C) of unchanged buspirone increased by 84% and 116%, respectively, but the total amount of buspirone immunoreactive material did not change. This suggests that food may decrease the extent of presystemic clearance of buspirone (see ).
A multiple-dose study conducted in 15 subjects suggests that buspirone has nonlinear pharmacokinetics. Thus, dose increases and repeated dosing may lead to somewhat higher blood levels of unchanged buspirone than would be predicted from results of single-dose studies.
An protein binding study indicated that approximately 86% of buspirone is bound to plasma proteins. It was also observed that aspirin increased the plasma levels of free buspirone by 23%, while flurazepam decreased the plasma levels of free buspirone by 20%. However, it is not known whether these drugs cause similar effects on plasma levels of free buspirone , or whether such changes, if they do occur, cause clinically significant differences in treatment outcome. An study indicated that buspirone did not displace highly protein-bound drugs such as phenytoin, warfarin, and propranolol from plasma protein, and that buspirone may displace digoxin.
Buspirone is metabolized primarily by oxidation, which has been shown to be mediated by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). (See .) Several hydroxylated derivatives and a pharmacologically active metabolite, 1-pyrimidinylpiperazine (1-PP), are produced. In animal models predictive of anxiolytic potential, 1-PP has about one quarter of the activity of buspirone, but is present in up to 20-fold greater amounts. However, this is probably not important in humans: blood samples from humans chronically exposed to Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) do not exhibit high levels of 1-PP; mean values are approximately 3 ng/mL and the highest human blood level recorded among 108 chronically dosed patients was 17 ng/mL, less than 1/200th of 1-PP levels found in animals given large doses of buspirone without signs of toxicity.
In a single-dose study using C-labeled buspirone, 29% to 63% of the dose was excreted in the urine within 24 hours, primarily as metabolites; fecal excretion accounted for 18% to 38% of the dose. The average elimination half-life of unchanged buspirone after single doses of 10 mg to 40 mg is about 2 to 3 hours.
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) Indications And Usage
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) is indicated for the management of anxiety disorders or the short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety. Anxiety or tension associated with the stress of everyday life usually does not require treatment with an anxiolytic.
The efficacy of Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) has been demonstrated in controlled clinical trials of outpatients whose diagnosis roughly corresponds to Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Many of the patients enrolled in these studies also had coexisting depressive symptoms and Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) relieved anxiety in the presence of these coexisting depressive symptoms. The patients evaluated in these studies had experienced symptoms for periods of 1 month to over 1 year prior to the study, with an average symptom duration of 6 months. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (300.02) is described in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, III as follows:
Generalized, persistent anxiety (of at least 1 month continual duration), manifested by symptoms from three of the four following categories:
The above symptoms would not be due to another mental disorder, such as a depressive disorder or schizophrenia. However, mild depressive symptoms are common in GAD.
The effectiveness of Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) in long-term use, that is, for more than 3 to 4 weeks, has not been demonstrated in controlled trials. There is no body of evidence available that systematically addresses the appropriate duration of treatment for GAD. However, in a study of long-term use, 264 patients were treated with Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) for 1 year without ill effect. Therefore, the physician who elects to use Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) for extended periods should periodically reassess the usefulness of the drug for the individual patient.
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) Contraindications
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) is contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to buspirone hydrochloride.
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) Warnings
Because Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) has no established antipsychotic activity, it should not be employed in lieu of appropriate antipsychotic treatment.
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) Precautions
No evidence of carcinogenic potential was observed in rats during a 24-month study at approximately 133 times the maximum recommended human oral dose; or in mice, during an 18-month study at approximately 167 times the maximum recommended human oral dose.
With or without metabolic activation, buspirone did not induce point mutations in five strains of (Ames Test) or mouse lymphoma L5178YTK+ cell cultures, nor was DNA damage observed with buspirone in Wi-38 human cells. Chromosomal aberrations or abnormalities did not occur in bone marrow cells of mice given one or five daily doses of buspirone.
In one study of 6632 patients who received buspirone for the treatment of anxiety, 605 patients were ≥65 years old and 41 were ≥75 years old; the safety and efficacy profiles for these 605 elderly patients (mean age = 70.8 years) were similar to those in the younger population (mean age = 43.3 years). Review of spontaneously reported adverse clinical events has not identified differences between elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older patients cannot be ruled out.
There were no effects of age on the pharmacokinetics of buspirone (see ).
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) Adverse Reactions (see Also Precautions)
During its premarketing assessment, Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) was evaluated in over 3500 subjects. This section reports event frequencies for adverse events occurring in approximately 3000 subjects from this group who took multiple doses of Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) in the dose range for which Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) is being recommended (ie, the modal daily dose of Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) fell between 10 mg and 30 mg for 70% of the patients studied) and for whom safety data were systematically collected. The conditions and duration of exposure to Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) varied greatly, involving well-controlled studies as well as experience in open and uncontrolled clinical settings. As part of the total experience gained in clinical studies, various adverse events were reported. In the absence of appropriate controls in some of the studies, a causal relationship to Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) treatment cannot be determined. The list includes all undesirable events reasonably associated with the use of the drug.
The following enumeration by organ system describes events in terms of their relative frequency of reporting in this data base. Events of major clinical importance are also described in the section.
The following definitions of frequency are used: Frequent adverse events are defined as those occurring in at least 1/100 patients. Infrequent adverse events are those occurring in 1/100 to 1/1000 patients, while rare events are those occurring in less than 1/1000 patients.
Cardiovascular
Central Nervous System
EENT
Endocrine
Gastrointestinal
Genitourinary
Musculoskeletal
Respiratory
Sexual Function
Skin
Clinical Laboratory
Miscellaneous
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) Drug Abuse And Dependence
In human and animal studies, buspirone has shown no potential for abuse or diversion and there is no evidence that it causes tolerance, or either physical or psychological dependence. Human volunteers with a history of recreational drug or alcohol usage were studied in two double-blind clinical investigations. None of the subjects were able to distinguish between Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) and placebo. By contrast, subjects showed a statistically significant preference for methaqualone and diazepam. Studies in monkeys, mice, and rats have indicated that buspirone lacks potential for abuse.
Following chronic administration in the rat, abrupt withdrawal of buspirone did not result in the loss of body weight commonly observed with substances that cause physical dependency.
Although there is no direct evidence that Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) causes physical dependence or drug-seeking behavior, it is difficult to predict from experiments the extent to which a CNS-active drug will be misused, diverted, and/or abused once marketed. Consequently, physicians should carefully evaluate patients for a history of drug abuse and follow such patients closely, observing them for signs of Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) misuse or abuse (eg, development of tolerance, incrementation of dose, drug-seeking behavior).
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) Dosage And Administration
The recommended initial dose is 15 mg daily (7.5 mg b.i.d.). To achieve an optimal therapeutic response, at intervals of 2 to 3 days the dosage may be increased 5 mg per day, as needed. The maximum daily dosage should not exceed 60 mg per day. In clinical trials allowing dose titration, divided doses of 20 mg to 30 mg per day were commonly employed.
The bioavailability of buspirone is increased when given with food as compared to the fasted state (see ). Consequently, patients should take buspirone in a consistent manner with regard to the timing of dosing; either always with or always without food.
When buspirone is to be given with a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, the dosage recommendations described in the section should be followed.
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) How Supplied
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) (buspirone hydrochloride tablets, USP) Tablets, 5 mg and 10 mg (white, ovoid-rectangular with score, MJ logo, strength and the name Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride) embossed) are available in bottles of 100.
5 mg tabletsNDC 0087-0818-41 Bottles of 100
10 mg tabletsNDC 0087-0819-41 Bottles of 100
Tablets, 15 mg white, in the DIVIDOSE tablet design imprinted with the MJ logo, are available in bottles of 60 and 180. Tablets, 30 mg pink, in the DIVIDOSE tablet design imprinted with the MJ logo, are available in bottles of 60. The 15 mg and 30 mg tablets are scored so that they can be either bisected or trisected. The 15 mg tablet has ID number 822 on one side and on the reverse side, the number 5 on each trisect segment. The 30 mg tablet has ID number 824 on one side and on the reverse side, the number 10 on each trisect segment.
15 mg tabletsNDC 0087-0822-32 Bottles of 60NDC 0087-0822-33 Bottles
of 180
30 mg tabletsNDC 0087-0824-81 Bottles of 60
Store at 25° C (77° F); excursions permitted between 15° C to 30° C (59° F to 86° F) [see USP controlled room temperature]. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container (USP).
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride)
Buspar (Buspirone hydrochloride)
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